The Rise Of Islamic Fundamentalism Politics Essay

The Rise Of Islamic Fundamentalism Politics Essay The emergence of radical and extremist Islamist movements has proved to be the principal source of instability in the world. From the 19th century the world has witness to a reawakening of the Muslim world in various places as a result of the encounter with Western culture  [1]  . The rise of radical Islamist groups has been influenced by the leading ideologues of Islamic fundamentalist thought, Jamal Al Din Al Afghani (1839-1897), Maulana Abul Ali Mawdudi (1903-79) the first Amir of the Jamaate-Islami, Ayatollah Khomeini (1909-89) leader of the Islamic Revolutionary Party of Iran, Hassan-al-Banna and Syed Qutb (1906-66) of the Muslim Brotherhood of Egypt  [2]  . These ideologues advocated jihad against non-Islamic societies and states and emphasised that political power is indispensable to the establishment of an Islamic state. The concepts of Dar-el-Islam and Dar-el-Harb and jihad as advocated by the Islamists envisage a perpetual state of confrontation between Islamic and non-Islamic states.  [3]  Though Muslims, like any other non-Muslim, have multiple identities religious, ethnic, tribal, linguistic or territorial, the emphasis by the Islamists on the Islamic identity puts them in collision course with the state and other groups. Islamist intellectuals, ulema and activists have been seeking to blur the distinction between Islam as a religion and nationalism. They prop up the Islamic political consciousness by politicising already existing religious traditions and practices and by resisting change and modernisation. The concept of Ummah or Millat is being invoked to abet, support and legitimise the secessionist movements of Muslims living in non-Muslim states. If one goes by the strict definition of the term Islamic fundamentalism, it stands for a return to the doctrines of Islam in their original form as were practised in the medieval times. It could also mean idealising the historical past of Islam and calling for a return to pure and original Islam, which can be achieved through peaceful, lawful, cultural and spiritual means. But in practice, the focus of Islamists has been Islamisation of the state rather than reform of the individuals. It has generated conflict as the Islamic fundamentalists seek to impose their will through coercion, violence and terror. Islamist extremists pose a challenge to the secular and democratic polity, pluristic social order and inter-religious harmony. With the rise of Taliban to power, Afghanistan became the breeding ground of Islamist terrorism. The Taliban enforced their extremist religious and socio-political agenda and turned Afghanistan into the hub of arms, drugs trafficking and international terrorism with Osama bin Laden using it as a base of Al Qaida and other Islamist terrorist outfits. The threat posed by Laden and the Taliban to world peace and security was universally recognised and UN sanctions were imposed against the Taliban. Undaunted by international criticism, the Taliban unleashed atrocities against women, children, ethnic-religious minorities and political opponents, thereby deepening the internal divide in Afghanistan, besides violating the basic human rights of Afghans. The UN and other international peace initiatives made no headway in the face of determined Taliban opposition to share power with rival Afghan groups. Afghanistan remained fractured and turbulent posing great challenge to peace and security i n the region. The Taliban rebuffing all international appeals and ignoring widespread international condemnation, not only went ahead with the destruction of the colossal Buddhas of Bamiyan, but even made a public demonstration of their savage acts  [4]  . By destroying the rich and composite historical cultural heritage of Afghanistan, the Taliban sought to reaffirm Afghanistans lead role as a puritan Islamist state in South and Central Asia and also to set an agenda for radical Islamist forces. Osama bin Laden and his network played a key role in the terrorist attacks in South Asia, Central Asia, Southeast Asia and also in the West. However, it was only after the 9/11 terrorist strikes on World Trade Centre and Pentagon that the United States and its Western allies recognised the severity of the challenge posed by Al Qaida and the Taliban. The US garnered sufficient political will to lead the global war against terrorism. The US-led forces have severely mauled the Taliban and the Al Qaida, destroyed much of their military machine and bases. However, both the Taliban and elements of the Al Qaida network still exist and are again growing within Afghanistan and neighbouring Pakistan. Leaders and thousands of supporters of Al Qaida and the Taliban militia have shifted to Pakistan. So ensuring sustainable security and stability in Afghanistan is a great challenge facing the international community. This can be achieved only by total elimination of the Al Qaida network, their sup porters, financiers, safe havens and training camps in various parts of the world. METHODOLOGY STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM To analyse the reasons of rise of Islamic Fundamentalism in Afghanistan and its threat to the world. hypothesis Islamic Fundamentalism is a global phenomenon and its affects can be felt across frontiers. Afghanistan has become fountain head of Islamic fundamentalism. Afghanistan lies in the middle of a region fermenting Islamic fundamentalist terrorism. This is one single-largest source of terrorism on the planet earth, with scope for expansion into Central Asian Region, China, Eastern Europe, South and South East Asia. JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY With the development of modern communications and various connections between the terrorist groups on the increase, the trend of global terrorism is on the increase. Islamic fundamentalism which has been raising its head to support terrorism as a weapon for its war against the non believers. While all religions have their chauvinists, it is resurgent Islam which somehow appears to be at the forefront of terrorism. Of course there is a secular version of Islam but the vast majority of the Muslims believe that they can be true Muslims only if they live in an Islamic state. It is the self perception that true believers have a God given right to promote the historical relevance of a religion that is behind much of todays global terrorism. In fact Islamic fundamentalists are hypothesising that with the end of the cold war, secularism in their countries is giving way to their brand of Islam and are presenting themselves as an alternative to westernised rulers.  [5]   Afghanistan, which has had a long turbulent past including a period of erstwhile Soviet occupation, has been taken over by Islamic fundamentalism after a long and bitter conflict between various groups out of which as of late the Taliban has been the most successful. The Taliban have been trained in various Deeni Madrasas  [6]  and have been indoctrinated to enforce a very strict kind of Islamic rule on Afghanistan which is unlike any traditions in that countries much volatile past. Moreover with weapons and infrastructure supplied by the US to fight the Soviet occupation and those left behind by the Soviets gives a chance to the restless youth of Afghanistan to export terrorism with a religious face throughout the world. In view of this, it is quite possible that Afghanistan will become a major focal point for Islamic terrorists to train and act on the existing non Islamic states with the overt/ covert support of Islamic states. SCOPE 7. The study would concentrate on the rise of Islamic Fundamentalism in Afghanistan with special reference to Taliban and its effect on the world. METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION 8. The study is primarily based on information gathered from books written by prominent Indian, foreign authors as well as information available on the internet. The books and periodicals used for the purpose of research have been drawn from the Library of Defence Services Staff College (DSSC), Wellington. Other sources of information are articles written in Indian, Pakistani, Western newspapers and news services such as the CNN and BBC as well as some defence journals. A bibliography of the sources is appended at the end of the text. The guidance given by Colonel SK Karwal, the Directing Staff has been of immense value in preparation of this paper. Afghanistan being a very current topic has undergone a series of ups and downs during the course of my preparation of the dissertation. ORGANISATION OF DISSERTATION 9. It is proposed to study the subject under the following heads:- (a) Chapter I. Introduction Methodology. (b) Chapter II. The Growth of Islamic Fundamentalism in Afghanistan. (c) Chapter III. Afghanistan as Source of Terrorism in the Region. (d) Chapter IV. Religious Intolerance. (e) Chapter V. The Nexus between Drug Trafficking and Terrorism. (e) Chapter VI. The Afghanistan Conflict and Energy Security. (f) Chapter VII. Conclusion.

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Training Effectiveness in the organization A study on Credit Appraisal for Car loan financing in the finance companies. A study on Consumer buying behavior towards two wheeler bikes. A study on Effectiveness of Performance Management system among the employees A study on Effectiveness of Quality Initiatives among the employees. A study on Safety , Welfare and Health among the employees. A study on Training and Recreation programmer among the employees. A study on the investor behavior towards the mutual funds investments. A study on Induction Training Program among the employees.A study on Quality of Work Life among the employees. A study on potentiality of Auto and Engineering companies. A study on Customer Financial Need Analysis. A study on financial position of the firm and a comparison of cash management product and multiplicity queue facility A study on Effectiveness of performance of Management System among the employees. A Study on Working Capital Requirements of the Company. A study on Financial Performance of the Company. A review on financial performance of the company A study on Cash Management System in company A study on Inventory Management system in the company.A study on Consumer buying Behavior pattern of Air Conditioner Products. A study on Employees Health , Safety and Welfare measures A study on Debtors Management in the company A study on Short-term Financing in the company A study on Awareness and satisfaction among the investment in Mutual Funds A study on Training and Development among the employees. A study on Welfare Measure implementing in the company. A market stud on perceptual positioning of Electric switches Among existing and potential electrical dealers A study on awareness and Attitude towards the electrical products. A study on Performance Appraisal System among the employees.Consumer Buying Behavioral pattern towards Consumer Products A study on customer preference and satisfaction levels on photocopying and fax machines amo ng the dealers. A study on knowledge Management among the employees A study on magazine reader perception at Indian Express Iambi Ltd. , A study on Effectiveness of Training Programmer among the employees. A study on market survey of citizen and fluctuation with special reference to capital Ltd. A study on employee awareness of training in TTS healthcare Ltd. A study on Organizational Culture and Climate of Employees among the employees.A study on market potential of compact fluorescent lamps A study on digital media careers aspired by senior secondary students at image infotainment Ltd. A study on medical representative attitudes and their views towards pharmaceutical products. A study on market potential for video conference equipments. A study on Cash and Receivable management of the company. A study on Materials Management of Indirect Materials of the company. A study on Consumer Buying Behavior towards Deluxe Apartments. A study on Performance Appraisal System among the Employe es. A study on Performance Evaluation among the employees.A study on Knowledge Management and Human Resources system among the Employees. A study on Organization Culture and Climate of employees towards customer first services (P) Ltd. A study on Motivation and Morale among the employees. A study on Consumer awareness towards milk products. A study on Attitudinal Survey among the employees. A study on reader perception about travel magazines with reference to express travel world(magazine of Indian express) A study on Employees Retention in the company A study on capital investment methods of appraisal of the firm A study on Inventory Management in Indirect Materials in the company.A study on Readers perception towards News papers. A study on Training and Development programmer among the Boos A study on Performance Evaluation of different Portfolios A study on Revenue and Financial Statement Analysis in the company A study on Capital Budgeting and Appraisal methods of analysis. A St udy on Portfolio Management and Procurement Resources A Study on Different Schemes with Comparison and Evaluation among the Mutual Funds A study on Portfolio Management (Risk Return) of Inter Connected the many. A study on awareness and growth of unit linked insurance plans among the general public.A study of employee perception on participation programmer in the company. A study on Customer Interest towards Life Insurance Policies. A study on Customers attitude towards marketing of third parties products (Insurance). A study on perception on Life insurance among the Target market. A study on investors perception towards complaint redressed system. A study on investors perception towards investment options offered by the company. A study on investors awareness of systematic investment plan for Security companies. A study on employees perception towards welfare measures in the company.A study on Knowledge Management practices among employees. A study on Recruitment of Financial advis ors in the company. A study on Evaluation and Capital Budgeting methods. A study on and Performance of Selected agricultural Commodities. A study on effectiveness of Communication. A study on customer satisfaction on the services provided by stock broking companies. A study on employees perception on effectiveness of Team Building Interventions. A study on Impact of Online Trading and Denationalization of Securities. A study on Employees perception on training and development in the company's study non Derivative products analysis.A study on training need identification and effectiveness among employees. A study on investors interest towards online share trading account. A study on impact of stress among the employees. A study on public awareness towards investment in shares. A study on awareness level of times ascent among youth in Economic Times. A study on investors preference towards schemes offered by principal PEN asset management company. A study on Equity analysis on stock b roking . A study on Leasing and Hire Purchasing system in the company A study on budget and budgetary control systems in the company.A study on Cash budgeting and Forecasting in the company. A Study on Investors Perception towards Commodity Futures Moving the Wheels of Prosperity Project Report on Portfolio Evaluation of Big Cap Companies. A study on Performance Evaluation of Mutual Fund Equity Schemes A Study on Systematic Risk Analysis on Indian Banking Scripts. A study on on Performance Appraisal at Andorra Pradesh Tourism and Development Corporation. A study on Advertisement and Sales Promotion on New Product A Study on Stress Management at AP Tourism Development Development. 108. Corporation.A study on on Impact of Derivatives on the Liquidity of the Underlying Stocks A Study on Market Potential of Indian Insurance Co. Pivotal A Study on Tax Saving Schemes in Mutual Funds. A Study on the Customer Relationship Management in the company. A study on Inventory Management and contro l in the company. A Study on Strategies of Buying Selling Mutual Funds A study on Investment Opportunities in stock broking companies. A Study on Procurement Analysis and Portfolio Management A Study on Changing Market Trends and Customer Perception in Buying of Life Insurance.A study on various approaches to Management in the company. A study on Leadership styles among the Employees in the company A study on Recruitment and selection of new Employees in the Organization A study on Total Quality Management in the company. A study on Human Resource Planning among the Employees. A study on Job description and specification among the Employees. A study on Job Rotation , Enrichment and Simplification among the Employees. A study on Employees Grievances among the Employees. A study on Strategic Hyman Resource Management system among the employees.A study on Organizational Development Interventions in the company among the employees. A study on Organizational Process, Effectiveness and Cu lture among the Employees A study on Managerial Effectiveness-HARM among the employees. A study on Capital Budgeting appraisal methods of evaluation in the company. A study on customer values and satisfaction among the consumer goods. A study on strategic marketing planning analysis towards consumer products. A study on Target market , market segmentation and Positioning of the products or services. A study on Product Policy , Product Line and Product Mix Decisions in the company.A study on Product life cycle Product Drop Decisions towards consumer products. A study on marketing role in corporate strategy towards consumer products. A study on new product launching decisions towards FMC. A study on Competitive Biding and Transfer Pricing towards FMC. A study on Marketing Communication and Promotional Decisions among the Consumer Products. A study on Sales Management and Promotional Strategy towards Consumer products. A study on Budgeting for Promotional strategy towards consumer Prod ucts. A study on Financial sources for entrepreneurial Ventures in the company.A study on Entrepreneurial Issues for growth and Development in the company. A study on key issues in Modern Management in the company. A study on Stress and its impact among it professionals in Hydrated. A study on impact of Advertising on consumption pattern of customers. A study on brand equity of room air conditioners. A study on Analysis of it services requirements in the organizations of Hydrated A study on Technical Analysis towards different Portfolios. A study on different price movements of commodity futures(gold/silver) . A study on Consumer Title ———————– Fact File: CERAMICS Find out: 1. What is a ceramic material? Ceramic materials are inorganic, non-metallic materials made from compounds of a metal and a non metal. 2. The names of four types of ceramic †¢ Structural †¢ Refractories †¢ White ware ceramic †¢ Technical ceramic 3. Give examples of each of these types of ceramic Examples of structural ceramics are: bricks, pipes and roof tiles Example of Refractories ceramics: gas fire radiant’s, steel and glass making crucibles. Example of white ware ceramic: tableware, cookware, wall tiles, pottery products and sanitary ware.Example of Technical ceramic: gas burner nozzles, ballistic protection, nuclear fuel uranium oxide pellets, biomedical implants, coatings of jet engine and turbine blades. Properties List 5 properties of ceramic materials. For each property, write a sentence to explain what the word means. http://depts. washington. edu/matse ed/mse_resources/Webpage/Ceramics/ceramicproperty. htm †¢ Hard: not easily broken, bent, or pierced. †¢ Wear-resistant: it wont ware away easily if you keep it for along time †¢ Brittle: it can break easily if it drops on the floor. Thermal insulators: it keeps heat in and the cold out. Ceramics – Porcelain and False Teeth! 1. What is porcelain? What are its properties and uses? Porcelain is a ceramic material made by heating raw materials, normally including clay in the form of kaolin, in a kiln to temperatures between 1,200  Ã‚ °C Properties are low permeability and elasticity, strong , hardness, toughness, whiteness and thermal shock. 2. What happened to porcelain production in the 1950s and 1960s? (aluminous porcelains) The UK Ran out of Porcelain to make all different products. . How porcelain has been used to make false teeth? It is used to make a tooth shaped model with porcelain and the dentist screws it on. Also, they used to get layer of porcelain a nd put it on the teeth. [pic] Crystalline and Non-crystalline ceramics (Types of ceramic materials) What are crystalline ceramics? Give some examples? Crystalline ceramic materials are not amenable to a great range of processing What are non-crystalline ceramics? Give some examples? No- crystalline ceramics, being glasses, tend to be formed from melts. Title Training Effectiveness in the organization A study on Credit Appraisal for Car loan financing in the finance companies. A study on Consumer buying behavior towards two wheeler bikes. A study on Effectiveness of Performance Management system among the employees A study on Effectiveness of Quality Initiatives among the employees. A study on Safety , Welfare and Health among the employees. A study on Training and Recreation programmer among the employees. A study on the investor behavior towards the mutual funds investments. A study on Induction Training Program among the employees.A study on Quality of Work Life among the employees. A study on potentiality of Auto and Engineering companies. A study on Customer Financial Need Analysis. A study on financial position of the firm and a comparison of cash management product and multiplicity queue facility A study on Effectiveness of performance of Management System among the employees. A Study on Working Capital Requirements of the Company. A study on Financial Performance of the Company. A review on financial performance of the company A study on Cash Management System in company A study on Inventory Management system in the company.A study on Consumer buying Behavior pattern of Air Conditioner Products. A study on Employees Health , Safety and Welfare measures A study on Debtors Management in the company A study on Short-term Financing in the company A study on Awareness and satisfaction among the investment in Mutual Funds A study on Training and Development among the employees. A study on Welfare Measure implementing in the company. A market stud on perceptual positioning of Electric switches Among existing and potential electrical dealers A study on awareness and Attitude towards the electrical products. A study on Performance Appraisal System among the employees.Consumer Buying Behavioral pattern towards Consumer Products A study on customer preference and satisfaction levels on photocopying and fax machines amo ng the dealers. A study on knowledge Management among the employees A study on magazine reader perception at Indian Express Iambi Ltd. , A study on Effectiveness of Training Programmer among the employees. A study on market survey of citizen and fluctuation with special reference to capital Ltd. A study on employee awareness of training in TTS healthcare Ltd. A study on Organizational Culture and Climate of Employees among the employees.A study on market potential of compact fluorescent lamps A study on digital media careers aspired by senior secondary students at image infotainment Ltd. A study on medical representative attitudes and their views towards pharmaceutical products. A study on market potential for video conference equipments. A study on Cash and Receivable management of the company. A study on Materials Management of Indirect Materials of the company. A study on Consumer Buying Behavior towards Deluxe Apartments. A study on Performance Appraisal System among the Employe es. A study on Performance Evaluation among the employees.A study on Knowledge Management and Human Resources system among the Employees. A study on Organization Culture and Climate of employees towards customer first services (P) Ltd. A study on Motivation and Morale among the employees. A study on Consumer awareness towards milk products. A study on Attitudinal Survey among the employees. A study on reader perception about travel magazines with reference to express travel world(magazine of Indian express) A study on Employees Retention in the company A study on capital investment methods of appraisal of the firm A study on Inventory Management in Indirect Materials in the company.A study on Readers perception towards News papers. A study on Training and Development programmer among the Boos A study on Performance Evaluation of different Portfolios A study on Revenue and Financial Statement Analysis in the company A study on Capital Budgeting and Appraisal methods of analysis. A St udy on Portfolio Management and Procurement Resources A Study on Different Schemes with Comparison and Evaluation among the Mutual Funds A study on Portfolio Management (Risk Return) of Inter Connected the many. A study on awareness and growth of unit linked insurance plans among the general public.A study of employee perception on participation programmer in the company. A study on Customer Interest towards Life Insurance Policies. A study on Customers attitude towards marketing of third parties products (Insurance). A study on perception on Life insurance among the Target market. A study on investors perception towards complaint redressed system. A study on investors perception towards investment options offered by the company. A study on investors awareness of systematic investment plan for Security companies. A study on employees perception towards welfare measures in the company.A study on Knowledge Management practices among employees. A study on Recruitment of Financial advis ors in the company. A study on Evaluation and Capital Budgeting methods. A study on and Performance of Selected agricultural Commodities. A study on effectiveness of Communication. A study on customer satisfaction on the services provided by stock broking companies. A study on employees perception on effectiveness of Team Building Interventions. A study on Impact of Online Trading and Denationalization of Securities. A study on Employees perception on training and development in the company's study non Derivative products analysis.A study on training need identification and effectiveness among employees. A study on investors interest towards online share trading account. A study on impact of stress among the employees. A study on public awareness towards investment in shares. A study on awareness level of times ascent among youth in Economic Times. A study on investors preference towards schemes offered by principal PEN asset management company. A study on Equity analysis on stock b roking . A study on Leasing and Hire Purchasing system in the company A study on budget and budgetary control systems in the company.A study on Cash budgeting and Forecasting in the company. A Study on Investors Perception towards Commodity Futures Moving the Wheels of Prosperity Project Report on Portfolio Evaluation of Big Cap Companies. A study on Performance Evaluation of Mutual Fund Equity Schemes A Study on Systematic Risk Analysis on Indian Banking Scripts. A study on on Performance Appraisal at Andorra Pradesh Tourism and Development Corporation. A study on Advertisement and Sales Promotion on New Product A Study on Stress Management at AP Tourism Development Development. 108. Corporation.A study on on Impact of Derivatives on the Liquidity of the Underlying Stocks A Study on Market Potential of Indian Insurance Co. Pivotal A Study on Tax Saving Schemes in Mutual Funds. A Study on the Customer Relationship Management in the company. A study on Inventory Management and contro l in the company. A Study on Strategies of Buying Selling Mutual Funds A study on Investment Opportunities in stock broking companies. A Study on Procurement Analysis and Portfolio Management A Study on Changing Market Trends and Customer Perception in Buying of Life Insurance.A study on various approaches to Management in the company. A study on Leadership styles among the Employees in the company A study on Recruitment and selection of new Employees in the Organization A study on Total Quality Management in the company. A study on Human Resource Planning among the Employees. A study on Job description and specification among the Employees. A study on Job Rotation , Enrichment and Simplification among the Employees. A study on Employees Grievances among the Employees. A study on Strategic Hyman Resource Management system among the employees.A study on Organizational Development Interventions in the company among the employees. A study on Organizational Process, Effectiveness and Cu lture among the Employees A study on Managerial Effectiveness-HARM among the employees. A study on Capital Budgeting appraisal methods of evaluation in the company. A study on customer values and satisfaction among the consumer goods. A study on strategic marketing planning analysis towards consumer products. A study on Target market , market segmentation and Positioning of the products or services. A study on Product Policy , Product Line and Product Mix Decisions in the company.A study on Product life cycle Product Drop Decisions towards consumer products. A study on marketing role in corporate strategy towards consumer products. A study on new product launching decisions towards FMC. A study on Competitive Biding and Transfer Pricing towards FMC. A study on Marketing Communication and Promotional Decisions among the Consumer Products. A study on Sales Management and Promotional Strategy towards Consumer products. A study on Budgeting for Promotional strategy towards consumer Prod ucts. A study on Financial sources for entrepreneurial Ventures in the company.A study on Entrepreneurial Issues for growth and Development in the company. A study on key issues in Modern Management in the company. A study on Stress and its impact among it professionals in Hydrated. A study on impact of Advertising on consumption pattern of customers. A study on brand equity of room air conditioners. A study on Analysis of it services requirements in the organizations of Hydrated A study on Technical Analysis towards different Portfolios. A study on different price movements of commodity futures(gold/silver) . A study on Consumer

Efficiency Increasing System - 2262 Words

EFFICIENCY INCREASING SYSTEM BY USING PREHEATING METHOD METHODOLOGY The concept of increasing the fuel efficiency of a petrol engine in this project, is to pre-heat the intake air which is flowing through the carburetor. The humidity in the atmospheric air affects the petrol vapourisation in the carburettor. Therefore, by pre-heating the inlet air to the carburettor for a considerable amount, the vapourisation can be ease and in turn complete combustion is achieved. Moreover by reducing the water vapour to the engine, the steam formation in the engine can be reduced pitting of the engine cylinder, piston and exhaust pipe. The pre-heating of inlet air to the engine can be achieved by fixing a heat exchanger inside the exhaust†¦show more content†¦The air fuel ratio must change depending when maximum Economy or maximum power is required. Also required air-fuel ratio must be provided for transient conditions like starting, warm up, and acceleration. Further in all conditions the consideration of minimum exhaust emission should be kept in mind. For automotive Engines there are three main areas of steady state operation requiring different air fuel ratios. 1. Idling and Low Load The no load running made of the Engine is called idling. During idling the air supply is restricted by the nearly closed throttle and the suction pressure is very low. This condition of low pressure gives rise to back flow of exhaust gases and air leakage from the various parts of the Engine intake system. At idling and during part load operation back flow during the valve overlap period occurs since the exhaust pressure is higher than the intake pressure. This increases the amount of residual gases. The problem of dilution by residual gases becomes more pronounced at low loads and idling because the exhaust temperature reduces with decreasing load, i.e., the density and hence mass of the residual gases increase. 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